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December 17, 2025
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December 17, 2025
Published
December 14, 2025
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Abstract

Most people with diabetes have hyperglycemia, or uncontrolled blood sugar,
which can lead to a number of dangerous side effects, such as diabetic
nephropathy. Finding new indicators that can give early diagnosis and prevent
consequences has become more crucial as a result of the lack of early detection.
Many kidney disorders originate and advance as a result of damage or dysfunction
to podocyte cells. This increases the possibility of employing podocyte cell
product targets, particularly in urine, as practical clinical markers for kidney
disease diagnosis and surveillance. A cross-sectional study will be carried out to
a group of 70 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy 20 healthy control. A
total of 25 mL urine was collected. Alb/Cr ratio in a random urine sample . Serum
creatinine, serum albumin and HbA1C. Urinary Albumin / creatinine ratio.
Urinary podocalyxin, nephrin and podocin were determined by using
commercially available ELISA test. According to the study, 50% of patients with
normoalbuminuria have greater urine Nephrin levels than the healthy control
group. Nephrin levels are also higher in the former group. These results imply that
Nephrin initially manifests in the urine before microalbumin in the early stages of
kidney injury. According to the data, both the UM/CR and CKD staging
categories had significantly higher urine nephrin levels than the healthy control
group. Urinary nephrin levels gradually increased with CKD stage, particularly in
stages two and three, and it was shown that urine nephrin was more sensitive than
the UM/CR ratio for early kidney damage identification. Diabetes patients had
much greater amounts of nephrin, and podocalxyin in their urine compared to
the healthy control group.

Keywords

Diabetes Kidney disease Podocyte Nephrin

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Copyright (c) 2025 Kanaan Faisal Yassin, Sami A Zbaar

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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