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July 8, 2025
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July 8, 2025
Published
June 30, 2025
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Abstract

In many nations, diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of renal failure and a major predictor of death and morbidity among diabetic patients. Preventing or early intervention to treat diabetes requires identifying the association between certain biomarkers and high protein levels in patients. Angiopoietin-like protein-4 (ANGPTL-4) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) were the most researched among these biomarkers. The participants depended on urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) levels in classification of diabetic nephropathy. The study involved 176 individuals divided into four groups. The controls (44 as a healthy participant). Diabetic groups divided into three groups: Normoalbuminurea (no kidney disease and (UACR) levels within the normal range (<30 mg/g), Microalbuminuria (diabetic kidney disease patients with moderately increased UACR 30–300 mg/g), and Macroalbuminuria (diabetic kidney disease patients with severely increased UACR >300 mg/g). Determination the levels of serum (ANGPLT-4, and FGF-23) and association with early detection and progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Keywords

diabetic nephropathy normoalbuminurea microalbuminuria macroalbuminuria

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Copyright (c) 2025 Mushtag Shareef, Walaa Ahmed AL Jedda, Haider Fadhil

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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