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Abstract
visited to Medical Educational Clinics of the College of Dentistry / University of Al-Kufa,
during a period of five months from November 2022 to end of March 2023, provided the study's
100 participants with soft deep caries lesion specimens. The samples were grown in a number of
different media. After that, they spent 18-24 hours in a (37o
C) incubator. Colony morphology,
microscopy, and biochemical testing were first used by scientists to identify Streptococcus
mutans. Only 20% of the isolates were confirmed to be St. mutans from the 100 positive clinical
samples, the automated Vitek 2 system deployed GP-ID cards including 64 biochemical assays
to guarantee the isolates were indeed St. mutans. The approach promptly and accurately
identified 20 distinct bacterial isolates with probabilities ranging from 94% to 99.7%. In the
present study, it was used ELISA to distinguish between St. mutans isolates that produced
biofilms and those that did not, by using the median values of optical density (OD) at 570 nm (>
0.240, 0.120, and 0.120), bacterial biofilms cause chronic diseases that are difficult to treat.
Twenty distinct isolates were tested for their ability to form biofilm, 9(45%) were found to be
strong biofilm producers, while 11(55%) were rated as moderate biofilm producers.
Keywords
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Copyright (c) 2024 University of Thi-Qar Journal Of Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
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- aureus wound isolates. Toxins, 10(4), 157.
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- Wasfi, R., Abd El‐Rahman, O. A., Zafer, M. M., and Ashour, H. M. (2018). Probiotic
- Lactobacillus sp. inhibit growth, biofilm formation and gene expression of caries‐inducing
- Streptococcus mutans. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 22(3), 1972-1983.
- Dimou, I., Dritsas, S., Aggelopoulou, P., Vassilatou, K., Damianaki, S., and Giaouris, E.
- (2021). Development of a herbal mouthwash containing a mixture of essential oils and plant
- extracts and in vitro testing of its antimicrobial efficiency against the planktonic and biofilmenclosed cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Biofouling, 37(4), 397-409.
- Darnell, L. H. (2020). The Effect of a Chitosan-based Mouthwash on Oral Pathogens
- During Initial Wound Healing—An In-Vitro Study. Part I: Antimicrobial Properties (Doctoral
- dissertation, Saint Louis University).
- Matsumoto-Nakano, M. (2018). Role of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins for
- biofilm formation. Japanese Dental Science Review, 54(1), 22-29.
- Lamont, R. J., Koo, H., and Hajishengallis, G. (2018). The oral microbiota: dynamic
- communities and host interactions. Nature reviews microbiology, 16(12), 745-759.
- Castillo Pedraza, M. C., de Oliveira Fratucelli, E. D., Ribeiro, S. M., Florez Salamanca,
- E. J., da Silva Colin, J., and Klein, M. I. (2020). Modulation of lipoteichoic acids and
- exopolysaccharides prevents Streptococcus mutans biofilm accumulation. Molecules, 25(9),
- Khan, M. S. A., Altaf, M. M., and Ahmad, I. (2017). Chemical nature of biofilm matrix
- and its significance. Biofilms in plant and soil health, 151-177.
- Rumbaugh, K. P., and Sauer, K. (2020). Biofilm dispersion. Nature Reviews
- Microbiology, 18(10), 571-586.
- Srinivasan, R., Santhakumari, S., Poonguzhali, P., Geetha, M., Dyavaiah, M., and
- Xiangmin, L. (2021). Bacterial biofilm inhibition: A focused review on recent therapeutic
- strategies for combating the biofilm mediated infections. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 676458.
- Bunyan, I.A .,and Obias, I. K.(2018).Molecular identification and phenotypic detection of
- some virulence factors among Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diarrhea cases (Iraq).Journal
- of Global Pharma technology.10(3):272-280
References
Sauer, K., Stoodley, P., Goeres, D. M., Hall-Stoodley, L., Burmølle, M., Stewart, P. S.,
and Bjarnsholt, T. (2022). The biofilm life cycle: expanding the conceptual model of biofilm
formation. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 20(10), 608-620.
.Cai, Y. M. (2020). Non-surface attached bacterial aggregates: a ubiquitous third lifestyle.
Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 557035.
Sadiq, F. A., Burmølle, M., Heyndrickx, M., Flint, S., Lu, W., Chen, W., ... and Zhang,
H. (2021). Community-wide changes reflecting bacterial interspecific interactions in
multispecies biofilms. Critical reviews in microbiology, 47(3), 338-358.
Mukherjee, S., and Bassler, B. L. (2019). Bacterial quorum sensing in complex and
dynamically changing environments. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(6), 371-382.
Gao, L., Xu, T., Huang, G., Jiang, S., Gu, Y., and Chen, F. (2018). Oral microbiomes:
more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body. Protein and cell, 9(5), 488-500.
Lasserre, J. F., Brecx, M. C., and Toma, S. (2018). Oral microbes, biofilms and their
role in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Materials, 11(10), 1802.
Froum, S. J., Hengjeerajaras, P., Liu, K. Y., Maketone, P., Patel, V., and Shi, Y. (2020).
The Link between Periodontitis/Peri-implantitis and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic
Literature Review. International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry, 40(6).
De Andrade, K. Q., Almeida-da-Silva, C. L. C., and Coutinho-Silva, R. (2019).
Immunological pathways triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum:
therapeutic possibilities?. Mediators of Inflammation, 2019.
.Ball, J., and Darby, I. (2022). Mental health and periodontal and peri‐implant
diseases. Periodontology 2000, 90(1), 106-124.
Christensen, G. D., Simpson, W. A., Younger, J. A., Baddour, L. M., Barrett, F. F. and
melton, D. M. (1985). Adherence of coagulase negative Staphylococci to plastic cultures a
quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical device. J. Clin. Microbiol. 22:
-1006.
Benahmed, A. G., Gasmi, A., Dadar, M., Arshad, M., and Bjørklund, G. (2021). The role
of sugar-rich diet and salivary proteins in dental plaque formation and oral health. Journal of oral
biosciences, 63(2), 134-141.
Bilbilova, E. Z. (2020). Dietary Factors, Salivary Parameters, and Dental Caries. Dental
Caries, 1-18.
Liu, G., Wu, C., Abrams, W. R., and Li, Y. (2020). Structural and functional
characteristics of the microbiome in deep-dentin caries. Journal of dental research, 99(6), 713-
Sedghi, L., DiMassa, V., Harrington, A., Lynch, S. V., and Kapila, Y. L. (2021). The oral
microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and
disease. Periodontology 2000, 87(1), 107-131.
Chen, X., Daliri, E. B. M., Kim, N., Kim, J. R., Yoo, D., and Oh, D. H. (2020). Microbial
etiology and prevention of dental caries: exploiting natural products to inhibit cariogenic
biofilms. Pathogens, 9(7), 569.
Bjørndal, L., Simon, S., Tomson, P. L., and Duncan, H. F. (2019). Management of deep
caries and the exposed pulp. International endodontic journal, 52(7), 949-973.
Caries, W. I. (2017). Dental caries: etiology, clinical characteristics, risk assessment, and
management. Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry-E-Book, 40.
Sadeghinejad, L., Cvitkovitch, D. G., Siqueira, W. L., Merritt, J., Santerre, J. P., and
Finer, Y. (2017). Mechanistic, genomic and proteomic study on the effects of BisGMA-derived
biodegradation product on cariogenic bacteria. Dental Materials, 33(2), 175-190.
Guan, C., Che, F., Zhou, H., Li, Y., Li, Y., and Chu, J. (2020). Effect of rubusoside, a
natural sucrose substitute, on Streptococcus mutans biofilm cariogenic potential and virulence
gene expression in vitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 86(16), e01012-20.
Yadav, K., and Prakash, S. (2017). Dental caries: A microbiological approach. J Clin
Infect Dis Pract, 2(1), 1-15.
Schulze, A., Mitterer, F., Pombo, J. P., and Schild, S. (2021). Biofilms by bacterial
human pathogens: Clinical relevance-development, composition and regulation-therapeutical
strategies. Microbial Cell, 8(2), 28.
Anderson, M. J., Schaaf, E., Breshears, L. M., Wallis, H. W., Johnson, J. R., Tkaczyk, C.,
and Peterson, M. L. (2018). Alpha-toxin contributes to biofilm formation among Staphylococcus
aureus wound isolates. Toxins, 10(4), 157.
Abo Bakr, R. A., Tawfick, M. M., Mostafa, Z. A., and Abdulall, A. K. (2021). Virulence
traits-based behavior of Streptococcus mutans bacteria from dental plaque and dental caries
conditions. Microbial Biosystems, 6(1), 75-85.
Wasfi, R., Abd El‐Rahman, O. A., Zafer, M. M., and Ashour, H. M. (2018). Probiotic
Lactobacillus sp. inhibit growth, biofilm formation and gene expression of caries‐inducing
Streptococcus mutans. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 22(3), 1972-1983.
Dimou, I., Dritsas, S., Aggelopoulou, P., Vassilatou, K., Damianaki, S., and Giaouris, E.
(2021). Development of a herbal mouthwash containing a mixture of essential oils and plant
extracts and in vitro testing of its antimicrobial efficiency against the planktonic and biofilmenclosed cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Biofouling, 37(4), 397-409.
Darnell, L. H. (2020). The Effect of a Chitosan-based Mouthwash on Oral Pathogens
During Initial Wound Healing—An In-Vitro Study. Part I: Antimicrobial Properties (Doctoral
dissertation, Saint Louis University).
Matsumoto-Nakano, M. (2018). Role of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins for
biofilm formation. Japanese Dental Science Review, 54(1), 22-29.
Lamont, R. J., Koo, H., and Hajishengallis, G. (2018). The oral microbiota: dynamic
communities and host interactions. Nature reviews microbiology, 16(12), 745-759.
Castillo Pedraza, M. C., de Oliveira Fratucelli, E. D., Ribeiro, S. M., Florez Salamanca,
E. J., da Silva Colin, J., and Klein, M. I. (2020). Modulation of lipoteichoic acids and
exopolysaccharides prevents Streptococcus mutans biofilm accumulation. Molecules, 25(9),
Khan, M. S. A., Altaf, M. M., and Ahmad, I. (2017). Chemical nature of biofilm matrix
and its significance. Biofilms in plant and soil health, 151-177.
Rumbaugh, K. P., and Sauer, K. (2020). Biofilm dispersion. Nature Reviews
Microbiology, 18(10), 571-586.
Srinivasan, R., Santhakumari, S., Poonguzhali, P., Geetha, M., Dyavaiah, M., and
Xiangmin, L. (2021). Bacterial biofilm inhibition: A focused review on recent therapeutic
strategies for combating the biofilm mediated infections. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 676458.
Bunyan, I.A .,and Obias, I. K.(2018).Molecular identification and phenotypic detection of
some virulence factors among Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diarrhea cases (Iraq).Journal
of Global Pharma technology.10(3):272-280